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Fish Species in Chao Praya River Originates from watersheds of the two mountainous ranges, Thanonthongchai and Peepunnam ranges. The system is drained by four major rivers: Ping River, Wang River, Yom River and Nan River, which conjunct into the mainstream of the Chao Phraya River at Pak Nampo. The river connects with three tributaries; Sakaekrung and Tachin from western, Pasak from the Petchabun Range, northeastern and Bangpakong from the Bantad Range, southeastern, then the system runs off to the Gulf of Thailand. | |||||
| [No. of Species listed in Fishbase.org=297] | |||||
| Species | Family | Habitat | Length (cm) | Trophic level | Status |
| Acanthopsoides delphax | Cobitidae | demersal | 8 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Acanthopsoides gracilentus | Cobitidae | demersal | 8 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Acanthopsoides gracilis | Cobitidae | demersal | 7 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Acanthopsoides hapalias | Cobitidae | demersal | 6 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Acantopsis choirorhynchos | Cobitidae | demersal | 30 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Acantopsis dialuzona | Cobitidae | demersal | 31 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Akysis leucorhynchus | Akysidae | benthopelagic | 4 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Akysis maculipinnis | Akysidae | benthopelagic | 4 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Akysis recavus | Akysidae | benthopelagic | 5 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Albulichthys albuloides | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 36 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Amblypharyngodon chulabhornae | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 5 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 49 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Anabas testudineus | Anabantidae | demersal | 25 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Aplocheilus panchax | Aplocheilidae | benthopelagic | 9 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Arius harmandi | Ariidae | benthopelagic | 55 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Arius stormii | Ariidae | demersal | 50 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Bagarius bagarius | Sisoridae | benthopelagic | 39 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Bagarius suchus | Sisoridae | demersal | 74 TL | 4.5 | native |
| Bagarius yarrelli | Sisoridae | demersal | 244 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Bagrichthys macracanthus | Bagridae | demersal | 31 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Bagrichthys macropterus | Bagridae | demersal | 30 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Bagrichthys obscurus | Bagridae | demersal | 31 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Balantiocheilos melanopterus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 43 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Bangana behri | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 60 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Bangana sinkleri | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 9 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Barbichthys laevis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Barbichthys nitidus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 31 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Barbodes balleroides | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Barbodes jolamarki | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 33 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Barbonymus altus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Barbonymus gonionotus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 41 TL | 2.5 | native |
| Barbonymus schwanenfeldii | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 43 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Barilius ornatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 15 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Barilius pulchellus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 14 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Belodontichthys dinema | Siluridae | demersal | 86 TL | 4.5 | native |
| Belodontichthys truncatus | Siluridae | demersal | 48 TL | 3.9 | native |
| Betta smaragdina | Belontiidae | benthopelagic | 7 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Boesemania microlepis | Sciaenidae | benthopelagic | 122 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Boraras urophthalmoides | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 4 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Botia beauforti | Cobitidae | demersal | 31 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Botia eos | Cobitidae | demersal | 11 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Botia helodes | Cobitidae | demersal | 37 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Botia lecontei | Cobitidae | demersal | 19 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Botia modesta | Cobitidae | demersal | 31 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Botia morleti | Cobitidae | demersal | 10 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Botia sidthimunki | Cobitidae | demersal | 7 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Brachirus harmandi | Soleidae | demersal | 13 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Brachirus siamensis | Soleidae | demersal | 20 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Calamiana aliceae | Gobiidae | demersal | 5 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Catlocarpio siamensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 366 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Ceratoglanis pachynema | Siluridae | demersal | 35 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Channa gachua | Channidae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 3.8 | native |
| Channa lucius | Channidae | benthopelagic | 49 TL | 3.9 | native |
| Channa micropeltes | Channidae | benthopelagic | 159 TL | 3.9 | native |
| Channa striata | Channidae | benthopelagic | 122 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Chaudhuria caudata | Chaudhuriidae | benthopelagic | 6 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Chela caeruleostigmata | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 9 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Chela laubuca | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 17 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Chitala lopis | Notopteridae | demersal | 183 TL | 4.5 | native |
| Chitala ornata | Notopteridae | pelagic | 122 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Cirrhinus caudimaculatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 13 TL | 2.3 | native |
| Cirrhinus chinensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 44 TL | 2.9 | introduced |
| Cirrhinus jullieni | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 2.5 | native |
| Cirrhinus lobatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 2.2 | questionable |
| Cirrhinus microlepis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 80 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Cirrhinus molitorella | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 55 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Clarias batrachus | Clariidae | demersal | 47 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Clarias macrocephalus | Clariidae | benthopelagic | 120 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Clarias meladerma | Clariidae | demersal | 34 TL | 3.9 | native |
| Clupeoides borneensis | Clupeidae | pelagic | 10 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Coius microlepis | Coiidae | benthopelagic | 55 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Coius quadrifasciatus | Coiidae | benthopelagic | 37 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Cosmochilus harmandi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 100 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Crossocheilus atrilimes | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 9 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Crossocheilus cobitis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 15 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Crossocheilus oblongus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Crossocheilus reticulatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 21 TL | 2.3 | native |
| Crossocheilus siamensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 20 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Cyclocheilichthys apogon | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Cyclocheilichthys armatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 29 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Cyclocheilichthys enoplos | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 91 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Cyclocheilichthys heteronema | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 15 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Cyclocheilichthys lagleri | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Cyclocheilichthys repasson | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 35 TL | 2.6 | native |
| Cynoglossus microlepis | Cynoglossidae | demersal | 40 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Danio albolineatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 8 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Danio annandalei | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 8 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Dasyatis laosensis | Dasyatidae | demersal | 205 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Datnioides pulcher | Coiidae | benthopelagic | 14 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Dermogenys pusilla | Hemiramphidae | pelagic | 9 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Dermogenys siamensis | Hemiramphidae | pelagic | 6 TL | native |
| Discherodontus halei | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 11 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Discherodontus schroederi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 14 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Doryichthys boaja | Syngnathidae | benthopelagic | 51 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Doryichthys deokhatoides | Syngnathidae | benthopelagic | 23 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Doryichthys martensii | Syngnathidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Eirmotus octozona | Cyprinidae | demersal | 5 TL | 3.0 | questionable |
| Epalzeorhynchos bicolor | Cyprinidae | demersal | 12 TL | 3.0 | endemic |
| Epalzeorhynchos frenatum | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 15 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Epalzeorhynchos munense | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 12 TL | 2.7 | native |
| Esomus longimanus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 1 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Esomus metallicus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 10 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Eugnathogobius siamensis | Gobiidae | demersal | 4 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Garra cambodgiensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Garra fasciacauda | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 14 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Garra fisheri | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 5 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Garra fuliginosa | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 22 TL | 2.3 | native |
| Garra nasuta | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 10 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Glossogobius aureus | Gobiidae | demersal | 31 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Glyptothorax fuscus | Sisoridae | demersal | 10 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Glyptothorax lampris | Sisoridae | benthopelagic | 15 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Glyptothorax laosensis | Sisoridae | benthopelagic | 8 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Glyptothorax trilineatus | Sisoridae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Gobiopterus chuno | Gobiidae | demersal | 4 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Gyrinocheilus aymonieri | Gyrinocheilidae | demersal | 35 TL | 2.6 | native |
| Hampala dispar | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 43 TL | 3.7 | questionable |
| Hampala macrolepidota | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 86 TL | 4.2 | native |
| Helicophagus leptorhynchus | Pangasiidae | demersal | 34 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Helicophagus waandersii | Pangasiidae | demersal | 70 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Hemibagrus filamentus | Bagridae | benthopelagic | 50 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Hemibagrus nemurus | Bagridae | benthopelagic | 80 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Hemibagrus wyckii | Bagridae | demersal | 87 TL | 3.8 | native |
| Hemibagrus wyckioides | Bagridae | demersal | 130 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Hemimyzon nanensis | Balitoridae | demersal | 5 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Hemipimelodus bicolor | Ariidae | demersal | 35 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Hemipimelodus borneensis | Ariidae | demersal | 37 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Hemipimelodus intermedius | Ariidae | demersal | 15 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Henicorhynchus cryptopogon | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 15 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Henicorhynchus lineatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Henicorhynchus siamensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Heteropneustes kemratensis | Heteropneustidae | demersal | 0 TL | native |
| Himantura chaophraya | Dasyatidae | demersal | 197 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Himantura krempfi | Dasyatidae | demersal | 197 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Himantura signifer | Dasyatidae | benthopelagic | 197 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Homaloptera maxinae | Balitoridae | demersal | 5 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Homaloptera smithi | Balitoridae | demersal | 8 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Homaloptera zollingeri | Balitoridae | demersal | 10 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Hypsibarbus vernayi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 27 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Hypsibarbus wetmorei | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Indostomus paradoxus | Indostomidae | benthopelagic | 4 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Kryptopterus apogon | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 159 TL | 4.5 | native |
| Kryptopterus bicirrhis | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 3.9 | native |
| Kryptopterus cheveyi | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 35 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Kryptopterus cryptopterus | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 3.8 | native |
| Kryptopterus dissitus | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 0 TL | native |
| Kryptopterus limpok | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 3.8 | native |
| Kryptopterus micronema | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 41 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Kryptopterus moorei | Siluridae | benthopelagic | 24 TL | 3.8 | native |
| Labeo chrysophekadion | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 90 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Labeo dyocheilus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 90 TL | 2.5 | native |
| Labeo indramontri | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 42 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Labeo pierrei | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Labeo yunnanensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 60 TL | 2.7 | native |
| Labiobarbus leptocheila | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 37 TL | 2.5 | native |
| Laides longibarbis | Schilbeidae | demersal | 0 TL | native |
| Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei | Cobitidae | demersal | 16 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Lepidocephalichthys furcatus | Cobitidae | demersal | 16 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Lepidocephalichthys hasselti | Cobitidae | demersal | 5 TL | 2.7 | native |
| Leptobarbus hoevenii | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 122 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Lobocheilos bo | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Lobocheilos gracilis | Cyprinidae | demersal | 24 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Lobocheilos melanotaenia | Cyprinidae | demersal | 21 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Lobocheilos nigrovittatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 23 TL | 2.9 | endemic |
| Lobocheilos quadrilineatus | Cyprinidae | demersal | 28 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Lobocheilos rhabdoura | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 7 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Lobocheilos thavili | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 23 TL | 2.9 | endemic |
| Longiculter siahi | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 25 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Luciosoma bleekeri | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 31 TL | 3.8 | native |
| Luciosoma setigerum | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 33 TL | 4.5 | native |
| Lycothrissa crocodilus | Engraulidae | pelagic | 37 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Macrochirichthys macrochirus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 100 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Macrognathus circumcinctus | Mastacembelidae | demersal | 16 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Macrognathus semiocellatus | Mastacembelidae | benthopelagic | 24 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Macrognathus siamensis | Mastacembelidae | benthopelagic | 37 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Macrognathus taeniagaster | Mastacembelidae | benthopelagic | 20 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Macrotrema caligans | Synbranchidae | demersal | 63 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Mastacembelus armatus | Mastacembelidae | demersal | 68 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Mastacembelus favus | Mastacembelidae | demersal | 86 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Micronema bleekeri | Siluridae | demersal | 74 TL | 4.5 | native |
| Monopterus albus | Synbranchidae | demersal | 122 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Mystacoleucus chilopterus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 13 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Mystacoleucus greenwayi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 9 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Mystacoleucus marginatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 20 TL | 2.9 | native |
| Mystus albolineatus | Bagridae | demersal | 43 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Mystus atrifasciatus | Bagridae | demersal | 19 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Mystus bocourti | Bagridae | demersal | 30 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Mystus gulio | Bagridae | demersal | 40 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Mystus multiradiatus | Bagridae | demersal | 16 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Mystus mysticetus | Bagridae | demersal | 16 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Mystus singaringan | Bagridae | demersal | 37 TL | 3.8 | native |
| Nandus nebulosus | Nandidae | benthopelagic | 12 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Nandus oxyrhynchus | Nandidae | benthopelagic | 9 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Nemacheilus binotatus | Balitoridae | benthopelagic | 6 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Nemacheilus pallidus | Balitoridae | benthopelagic | 18 TL | 2.6 | native |
| Neolissochilus dukai | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 34 TL | 2.8 | questionable |
| Neolissochilus stracheyi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 74 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Notopterus notopterus | Notopteridae | demersal | 74 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Ompok bimaculatus | Siluridae | demersal | 55 TL | 3.9 | native |
| Ompok eugeneiatus | Siluridae | demersal | 17 TL | 3.4 | native |
| Ompok hypophthalmus | Siluridae | demersal | 37 TL | 3.9 | native |
| Opsarius koratensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 13 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Oreoglanis siamensis | Sisoridae | benthopelagic | 18 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Oryzias minutillus | Adrianichthyidae | benthopelagic | 2 TL | 2.4 | native |
| Osphronemus goramy | Osphronemidae | benthopelagic | 86 TL | 2.5 | native |
| Osteochilus hasseltii | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 40 TL | 2.6 | native |
| Osteochilus lini | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Osteochilus melanopleurus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 74 TL | 2.3 | native |
| Osteochilus microcephalus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Osteochilus waandersii | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 26 TL | 2.0 | native |
| Oxyeleotris marmorata | Eleotridae | demersal | 60 TL | 4.1 | native |
| Oxygaster pointoni | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 19 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Pangasius bocourti | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 147 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Pangasius conchophilus | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 147 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Pangasius elongatus | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 0 TL | native |
| Pangasius hypophthalmus | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 159 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Pangasius larnaudii | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 159 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Pangasius macronema | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 37 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Pangasius micronemus | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 129 TL | 2.7 | native |
| Pangasius pleurotaenia | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 43 TL | 2.6 | native |
| Pangasius sanitwongsei | Pangasiidae | benthopelagic | 366 TL | 4.0 | native |
| Pangio anguillaris | Cobitidae | demersal | 15 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Pangio fusca | Cobitidae | demersal | 10 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Pangio oblonga | Cobitidae | demersal | 8 TL | 3.5 | native |
| Parachela maculicauda | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 6 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Parachela oxygastroides | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 25 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Parachela siamensis | Cyprinidae | pelagic | 15 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Paralaubuca barroni | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Paralaubuca harmandi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 20 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Paralaubuca riveroi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 22 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Paralaubuca stigmabrachium | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 21 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Paralaubuca typus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 22 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Parambassis siamensis | Ambassidae | demersal | 8 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Parambassis wolffii | Ambassidae | demersal | 25 TL | 3.7 | native |
| Physoschistura pseudobrunneana | Balitoridae | demersal | 4 TL | 2.8 | native |
| Polynemus longipectoralis | Polynemidae | demersal | 25 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Polynemus multifilis | Polynemidae | demersal | 27 TL | 3.6 | native |
| Poropuntius bantamensis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Poropuntius chondrorhynchus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 19 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Poropuntius faucis | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 5 TL | 3.0 | native |
| Poropuntius huguenini | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 46 TL | 2.9 | questionable |
| Poropuntius malcolmi | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 61 TL | 3.2 | native |
| Pristolepis fasciata | Nandidae | demersal | 21 TL | 3.1 | native |
| Probarbus jullieni | Cyprinidae | demersal | 183 TL | 2.7 | native |
| Pseudomystus siamensis | Bagridae | demersal | 20 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Puntioplites proctozysron | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 30 TL | 2.7 | native |
| Puntius aurotaeniatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 8 TL | 3.3 | native |
| Puntius binotatus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 25 TL | 2.8 | native |