|
|
|
OTHERS
POLYPTERIDIDAE FAMILY
The Polypteridae or Bichir family consists of a small group of primitive fish from tropical
Africa.
The fish in this family are characterized by an elongated, snake-like body and two strong, paddle-like
pectoral fins.
Each ray of the dorsal fin is separate giving the dorsal fin the appearance of many small
fins.
Polypterides are generally large, carnivorous fish that must be carefully combined in a tank having
other species.
Polypterides have an accessory breathing organ which is linked to the small intestine.
The
young of some species possess external gills, similar to those of newts in the larval stage.
In nature many species leave the water
for extended periods during the evening to search mud flats and sandbars for food.
Generally Polypterides are long-lived.
Reedfish, Snake fish, Rope Fish
[Pictures]
Erpetoichthys calabaricus
SYN: Calamichthys
calabaricus, Calamoichthys calabaricus, Hepetoichthys calabaricus
PD: An elongated, eel-like fish with 7-13 small, notched dorsal fins that are usually held
down against the back.
The Reedfish has no ventral fins and the pectoral fins are fan-shaped.
The overall body color is pale to golden
yellow to orange.
The back is dark olive green to brown.
SIZE: To 36" (90 cm)
SS: None
HAB: West Africa; marshy, vegetation-choked water in the Niger River delta and Niger River
of Cameroon and Nigeria.
S: bottom
TANK: A 40" (100 cm) or
45-55 gallon (170-209 L) tank is sufficient for fish measuring up to
12" (30 cm) in length.
Larger fish require more spacious tanks.
The Reedfish prefers a large, shallow tank having
a sand substrate, although this arrangement is not critical.
Provide hiding places with roots, rocks, wood,
and pipes.
Leave open swimming areas and plant the background and sides of the tank heavily with hardy, well-rooted
plants.
The substrate should be fine gravel or sand and the tank must be covered well.
WATER:pH 6-7.5 (6.7), 6-18 dH (10), 73-86°F (23-30°C)
SB: A peaceful, but carnivorous species that will consume swallow able tank mates.
This
species can be kept in numbers ranging from one to six fish, as it is not particularly territorial.
This
species can be combined with medium to large sized species that are not overly aggressive.
This species is most active at night.
SC: Steatocranus,
some
Tilapia species,
Hemichromis, Angelfish,
Synodontis
FOOD:
Live; fish, earthworms,
Tubifex , insects, frogs; chopped meat; occasionally
acclimated fish will accept tablets
SEX: The male has more bars or rays (12-14) on the caudal fin than the female (9-12).
B: Not successful in captivity, although probably similar to
Polypterus species.
BP: 10. This species has yet to spawn in captivity.
REMARKS: The Reedfish periodically rises to the surface to breathe atmospheric air via
the swim bladder.
Like all Polypterides, the Reedfish has very poor vision and depends on smell to locate
food.
This species requires frequent partial water changes to prosper.
DC: 6.
After initial acclimation, when this species is susceptible to disease, the Reedfish becomes
hardier.
It requires well-maintained water and a diet of live foods.
Ornate Bichir
[Pictures]
Polypterus ornatipinnis
SYN: None
PD: An elongated species having a dorsal fin consisting of 8-10 separate rays.
The
pectoral fins are paddle-like, and the pelvic fin is located far back of the body.
The body color is light brown to brownish
gray, and marked with irregular, dark brown to black net-like pattern.
The pattern is highly variable and is
different for each individual.
The belly is lighter in color and the fins have the same pattern as the body.
SIZE: To 18" (45 cm)
SS: Other Polypterus
species.
HAB: West Africa; in marshy, vegetation choked in the Kasai and Zaire (Congo) rivers in
Zaire.
S: bottom
TANK: A 40" (100 cm) tank with a from 45-55 gallons (170-209 L) is sufficient for
fish up to 12" (30 cm) in length.
Follow suggestions for
C. calabaricus.
WATER: pH 7-8.2 (7.8), 9-18 dH (12), 77-84°F (25-29°C)
SB: Do not combine with small fish as these may be consumed.
Combine with other large fish of the
upper swimming levels.
When confined with other
Polypterus species under cramped conditions, fighting
may result.
Fighting is less likely to occurs in a large tank with plenty of hiding places.
This species is peaceful towards large
fish.
The Ornate Bichir is nocturnal.
SC: Distichodus,
Hemichromis, Heterotis, Cichlasoma, Tilapia, Haplochromis
FOOD:
Live; fish, earthworms,
Tubifex , insects, frogs; chopped meat; occasionally
acclimated fish will accept tablets
SEX: The anal fin of the male is larger and thicker.
B: Use cooler water to initiate spawning. 200-300 eggs are laid on vegetation.
The
young hatch in four days at which time the parents should be removed.
Start feeding with
Artemia and later with other small live
foods.
BP: 8.
Breeding is difficult and unusual.
REMARKS: Cover the tank well, as there are reports of this species leaving the aquarium,
and "roaming" the keeper's home.
DC: 6.
This large, hardy species will consume smaller fish.
This Bichir requires live foods.
Senegalus">
Cuvier's Bichir
[Pictures]
Polypterus Senegalus
SYN: Polypterus
arnaudii, P. Senegalensis
PD: This elongated species averages nine dorsal rays, which make up the dorsal fin.
The
pectoral fins are fan-shaped, and the anal and pelvic fins are located far back on the body, near the caudal fin.
The
coloration is variable: the back ranges from olive to brown to slate gray-green.
The flanks are lighter and the belly
is white.
SIZE: To 16" (40 cm)
SS: Other Polypterus
species.
HAB: Widespread in marshy, vegetation choked waters from the Nile River to Senegal to Nigeria.
S: bottom
TANK: A 40" (100 cm) tank with a from 45-55 gallons (170-209 L) is sufficient for
fish up to 12" (30 cm) in length.
Follow suggestions for
C. calabaricus.
WATER: pH 6-8 (7.3), 10-18 dH (15), 79-86 F (26-30 C)
SB: As for P.
ornatipinnis , although this species is more sociable than the previous
Bichir.
SC: Distichodus,
Hemichromis, Heterotis, Cichlasoma, Tilapia, Haplochromis
FOOD:
Live; fish, earthworms,
Tubifex , insects, frogs; chopped meat; occasionally
acclimated fish will accept tablets
SEX: The anal fin of the male is said to be larger.
B: Few details are available regarding spawnings in captivity, although reportedly, the
addition of cooler water and a decrease in water hardness is said to initiate spawning.
The eggs are laid amongst plants and
the fry have external gills.
Start feeding with small live foods.
BP: 9.
Breeding is very difficult.
REMARKS: Cuvier's Bichir will become very friendly towards its owner, even taking foods
from one's hand.
This species is commonly exported from Lagos, Nigeria.
DC: 5.
This large species requires live foods, but is generally hardy.
STYLE="mso-bidi-font-weight : normal ; mso-tab-count : 3">
STYLE="mso-bidi-font-weight : normal ; mso-spacerun : yes">
SOLEIDAE FAMILY
The Soleidae or Flatfish family has a worldwide distribution in salt, brackish, and fresh
water.
Most species are found in salt water, although two genera can be found is fresh;
Achinus
and Brachinus
.
Brazilian Freshwater Sole
[Pictures]
Achirus errans
SYN: None
PD:
A flattened species, having an oval shape.
The body is elongated and the eyes are
located on the right side of the body.
The body color is light brown to beige and is irregularly spotted with
large and small brown markings.
SIZE: To 4" (10 cm)
SS: Salt-Pan Sole (
Brachinus salinarum )
HAB: Areas with sandy riverbeds.
South America; the Amazon and Paraguay rivers.
S: bottom
TANK: 28" (70 cm) or 20-25 gallons (76-95 l).
The tank should have a substrate of
fine gravel or preferably sand.
Provide hiding places with stones, roots, and wood.
Use a cover of floating plants to diffuse
the lighting.
Some plants should be used.
Shallow tanks are preferred.
WATER: pH 5-7 (6.5), 2-10 dH (7), 79-86°F (26-30°C)
SB: Peaceful.
Keep with other small to medium sized, peaceful fish of the upper swimming
levels.
This fish does best in a species tank.
SC: Tetras, hatchetfish, pencilfish,
Otocinclus.
FOOD: Live; Tubifex
, chopped earthworms, insect larvae-especially blood worms, shrimp; chopped meat; occasionally
tablets.
This fish should be fed after the lights are turned off.
SEX: Unknown
B: Unknown
BP: 10.
No reports of successful spawning have been reported.
REMARKS: Delicate species which is short lived.
Has trouble acclimating and is very
sensitive to water conditions, medications, and chemicals.
Nocturnal
DC: 7.
A sensitive fish that requires live foods in its diet.
Salt-pan Sole
[Pictures]
Brachinus salinarum
SYN: Trichobrachirus
salinarum
PD:
A flat fish with an oval body shape.
The body is elongated and the eyes are located
on the right side of the body.
The body color is light brown to beige and is irregularly spotted with large and small
brown markings.
The caudal fin is made up of 12 rays.
SIZE: To 6" (15 cm)
SS: Achinus
errans, Brachinus selheimi
HAB: In slow-moving, fresh and brackish rivers with sandy substrates.
Northern Australia; rivers that flow
into the the Gulf of Carpentaria.
S: bottom
TANK: 32" (90 cm) or 30 gallons (114 L).
See
A. errans .
WATER: pH 7.2-8.4 (7.8), 10-20 dH (12), 72-77°F (22-25°C).
A 1% addition of salt is recommended.
This
can be accomplished by adding 4 TSP. of salt to every 10 gallons (10 g/10 L)
SB: Peaceful.
Keep with other peaceful small to medium sized fish.
This fish does best in a species tank.
SC: Rainbowfish, Killifish, Bumblebee Fish, Glassfish, Orange Chromide.
FOOD: Live; Tubifex
, chopped earthworms, insect larvae, shrimp; chopped meat; occasionally tablets.
This
fish should be fed after the lights are turned off.
SEX: Unknown
B: Unknown
BP: 10.
This fish has not bred in captivity.
REMARKS: This nocturnal species is more available and hardier than
A. errans .
Also a short-lived fish.
DC: 7.
This species is somewhat sensitive to water pollutants and requires a diet including live
foods.
Species Index | Fish Home | Rainforests | Help keep mongabay running!
|
|
|
|
Recent news
Census of marine life opens with 122,000 species
(7/1/2008) Discovering a new species can be the highlight of a biologist's career. Yet once a species enters the formal literature, complications may develop. The systen has been especially problematic because for centuries biologists have lacked the tools to construct a full and flexible list of the world's innumerable species. Using the Internet and hundreds of scientists around the world, the Census of Marine Life is attempting to take on this monumental task.
Large shark populations fall 97% in the Mediterranean
(6/12/2008) Populations of some shark species in the Mediterranean have plunged by more than 97 percent over the past 200 years, report researchers writing in the journal Conservation Biology. Several species are at risk of extinction.
Dried-up Colorado takes toll on giant Mexican fish
(6/8/2008) The Colorado River vanishes before it reaches the Sea of Cortez in all but the wettest years. Companies in California and the southwestern U.S. have diverted its once-vibrant flow to quench their thirst for water and power. Now, a new study in the April 2008 issue of the journal Biological Conservation reports that the dwindling of this major artery has changed the way some marine fish in the Gulf of California grow and develop.
Diversity in streams may brace Chinook salmon for climate change
(6/3/2008) Chinook salmon face a one-two punch. They have disappeared from several rivers in the western U.S. largely because of human interventions and some populations are threatened or endangered. Numbers of Chinook in California's Central Valley have dwindled by 88 percent in the past five years, a loss that closed fisheries for 2008 and may cost California's economy $167 million, according to the state Department of Fish and Game. On top of all this looms a second impact: These salmon will be in hotter water still because of climate change.
Greenpeace ship attacked by Turkish tuna fishermen during protest
(5/30/2008) Members of a Turkish tuna fishing boat attacked the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise while the ship was engaged in a protest against overfishing. The incident occurred Friday in the Cypriot Channel and was reported to the Turkish Iskenderun Gulf Port Authorities.
|
|
